Types of TOEFL Test

 Previous Article: What is TOEFL?

TOEFL Test, released by ETS, has three types;
(Indonesian Version)

1. PBT (Paper Based Test)
2. CBT (Computer Based Test)
3. IBT ( Internet Based Test)

1. PBT (Paper Based Test)

PBT-TOEFL is the first type of TOEFL Test released by ETS. PBT-TOEFL system still uses paper and/or sheets of paper and answer sheets that must be filled with 2B pencil.

The test lasts for 2 to 2.5 hours and The materials tested are:

• Listening
• Structure, and 
• Reading 

 A score range of PBT is 310-677.

2. CBT (Computer Based Test)

CBT-TOEFL is the second form of TOEFL TEST replacing PBT-TOEFL. CBT-TOEFL doesn't use paper any more, but computer. All test materials are stored in computer and the Test is directly done in computer, too. CBT was firstly issued in 1998.

The test lasts for 2 to 2.5 hours and the materials tested are:

• Listening
• Structure
• Reading, and
• Writing 

A score range of CBT is  0 - 300.

3. IBT (Internet Based Test)

iBT-TOEFL or also known as Next Generation (NG) of TOEFL TEST is the latest form of TOEFL Test issued by ETS. ETS did many changes in the test format and system. iBT-TOEFL uses computer media connected to Internet in Test process. Thus, the test participants can directly be on-line with the ETS and the answer test questions are also on-line, too.

The test lasts for 4 hours and the materials tested are:

• Listening
• speaking
• writing, and Reading 

A score range of iBT is 0-120.

Next Article: Advantages of TOEFL Test 

About Paper Version of The TOEFL Test (PBT)

Previous article: Types of TOEFL Test

About PBT (Paper Based Test)
(Indonesian Version)

The TOEFL Test is a test to measure the English proficiency of nonnative speakers of English. It is required primarily by English language college and universities.  Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, businesses, or scholarship programs may require this test. The TOEFL test currently exists in paper, computer and internet formats.  The Purpose of this book is to prepare students for the paper version of the TOEFL test.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST

 The paper version of the TOEFL Test recently has the following sections:

1. Listening Comprehension: To demonstrate their ability to understand spoken English, examines must listen to various types of passages on a recording and respond to multiply choice questions about passages.
2. Structure and Written Expression: To demonstrate their abilities to recognize grammatically correct English, examinees must either choose the correct answer way to complete sentences or find errors in sentences.
3. Reading Comprehension: To demonstrate their ability to understand written English, examinees must answer multiply choice questions about the ideas and the meanings of words in reading passages.
4. Test of Written English (TWE): a separate test to measure a student's ability to write an essay on a given topic.

The probable format of a paper TOEFL test is outlined below.

Next Article: How to prepare for paper TOEFL test

Advantages of TOEFL Test

Previous Article: Types of TOEFL Test

The TOEFL Test Gives You Advantages

1. More Choices

More than 7,500 colleges, universities and agencies in more than 130 countries rely on TOEFL test scores to help make admissions decisions. 

2. More Convenient

You can take the TOEFL test at your choice of more than 4,500 conveniently located test sites in more than 165 countries worldwide. You also save time and money since the entire test is given in one day, rather than coming back a second day like some other tests.

3. Measures Academic Skills

The TOEFL test helps prove you have the English skills you will actually use in an academic classroom. In the test, you may read a passage from a textbook and listen to a lecture and then speak or write in response, just like you would in a classroom. Because the test is composed of 100% academic questions and tasks, many universities consider it the most appropriate test to use when making admissions decisions.

4. Rates Speaking More Fairly

Sure, you can take a test with a Speaking interview, but what if your interviewer has a bad day and rates you lower than you deserve? With the TOEFL test, there's no doubt your score is more objective and reliable, because Speaking responses are recorded and evaluated by three to six ETS raters rather than only one rater from a local testing site.

5. Scores Help You Stand Out

TOEFL test scores help you stand out because of the TOEFL test's reputation for quality, fairness and 100% academic composition. It is the most widely accepted English-language test in the world, including more than 7,500 colleges, universities, agencies and other institutions in 130 countries. And that list includes the top 100 universities in the world.

Source:

ETS

How To Study TOEFL Preparation Through This Blog

TOEFL SKILLS blog gives you free TOEFL Preparation Course for PAPER BASED TEST. All the materials are taken from LONGMAN INTRODUCTORY FOR THE TOEFL TEST.

By studying TOEFL Preparation Course here, It is hoped that  you will be able to do TOEFL Test more easily and increase TOEFL Score, too.

To help you Study TOEFL Preparation Course Blog here, read the guide below:

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

•  Do  Pre - Listening Test First.  Listening Pre Test is aimed at knowing your early TOEFL Score of Listening and   finding  out your weakness in Listening section of TOEFL Test.

• Read Listening Comprehension Section Info

• Read General Strategy For Listening Comprehension

• Study Listening Skills  that are usually tested  in Listening TOEFL Test. There are three Parts (Listening Part A/B/C):

   1. Listening Part A (Short Dialogue)

       Listening Part A consists of six skills. You must study it one by one.

• Listening Part A (short dialogue info)

• Strategy for listening Part A (short dialogue)

      Skills of Listening Part A:

• Skill/Problem 1

• Skill/Problem 2

• Skill/Problem 3

• Skill/Problem 4

• Skill/Problem 5
   
• Skill/Problem 6 

  2.  Listening Part B (Longer Conversation)

• Listening part B info

• Strategy for listening Part B

•  Skill 7: Questions

•  Skill 8 : The Topics  

•  Skill 9 : Order of Answer

  3. Listening Part C

• Listening Part C Info
• Strategy for listening part C
• Skill 10 : The questions
• Skill 11 : The Topics
• Skill  12: Orders of Answer
• Listening POST Test

 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

• Do Structure Pre - Test first. Structure Pre-Test is aimed at knowing your early score of structure as well as finding our your weakness in English Grammar.

• Structure and Written Expression info

• General Strategy for Structure and Written Expression

•  Study the skills that are usually tested in TOEFL Test. There are two types: Structure Questions and Written Expression.

  1. Structure Questions

• Structure Questions info

• Strategy For Structure Questions

      Structure Questions:

• Skill 1
• Skill 2
• Skill 3
• Skill 4
• Skill 5
• Skill 6
• Skill 7
• Skill 8
• Skill 9
• Skill 10

  2. Written Expression

• Written Expression info

• Strategy For Written Expression

        Written Expression:

• Skill 11
• Skill 12
• Skill 13
• Skill 14
• Skill 15
• Skill 16
• Skill 17
• Skill 18
• Skill 19
• Skill 20
• Skill 21
• Skill 22
• Skill 23
• Skill 24
• Skill 25

• Structure and Written Expression POST TEST

READING COMPREHENSION

1. Do the Reading Pre - Test first to find our your early score of reading comprehension.
2. Read Reading Comprehension Section
3. Read Strategy for Reading Comprehension Question
4. Study the skills usually tested in reading Comprehension

      Skills

• Skill 1
• Skill 2
• Skill 3
• Skill 4
• Skill 5 
• Skill 6 

     5. Do the Reading Post - Test.

         (Reading Post - Test is done after doing all skills and complete all exercise).

TOEFL POST TEST 

• After completing all skills, it's time do do THE POST TEST. Click HERE.

What is TOEFL?

What is TOEFL?
(Indonesian Version)

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is an English Test designed and developed by ETS (Educational Testing Service) in New Jersey, USA since 1963. 

What is TOEFL Test For?

• TOEFL Test is aimed at measuring the student's proficiency in academic contexts.
• The purpose of the test is also to evaluate the English proficiency of non native speaker of English.  It is required by English language colleges and universities. Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, business, or scholarship programs may require this test. 

Next Article is Types of Toefl Test.

Problem with Main Idea Questions (Skill 1)

Previous Article: Reading Comprehension Strategy

Almost every reading passage on the TOEFL test will have a question about the main idea of a passage. Such a question may be worded in a variety of ways; you may, for example, be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea. These questions are all really asking what primary point the author is trying to get across in the passage. Since TOEFL passages are generally written in a traditionally organized manner; it is not difficult to find the main idea by studying the topic sentence, which is most probably found at the beginning of a paragraph.If a passage consists of only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea.

Example I

The passage:

Basketball was invented in 1891 by a physical education instructor in Springfield, Massachusetts, by the name of James Naismith. Because of the terrible weather in winter, his physical education students were indoors rather than outdoors. They really did not like the idea of boring, repetitive exercises and preferred the excitement and challenge of a game. Naismith figured out a team sport that could be played indoors on agymnasium floor, that involved a lot of running, that kept all team members involved, and that did not allow the tackling andphysical contact of American-style football.

The question:

What is the main idea of this passage?

(A) The life of James Naismith
(B) The history of sports
(C) Physical education and exercise

(D) The origin of basketball

Analysis:

The first sentence of this passage discusses the invention of basketball, so this is probably the topic. A quick check of the rest of the sentences in the passage con firms that the topic is in fact the beginnings of the sport of basketball. Now you should check each of the answers to determine which one comes closest to the topic that you have determined. Answer (A) mentions James Naismith but not basketball, so it is not the topic. Answer (B) is too general; it mentions sports but does not mention basketball. Answer (C) is also too general; it mentions physical education but does not mention basketball. The best answer is therefore answer (D); the origin of basketball means that the invention of basketball is going to be discussed.

The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about main idea questions.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1:

Study each of the passages, and choose the best answers to the questions that follow. In this exercise, each paragraph is followed by two main idea, topic, or title questions so that you can practice this type of question. On the TOE FL test, one passage would probably not have two such questions because they are so similar.

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1 - 2)

Most of the ice on the Earth, close to 90 percent of it, is covering the surface of the continent Antarctica. It does not snow very much in Antarctica, but whatever snow does fall remains and grows deeper and deeper. In some areas of Antarctica, the ice has perhaps been around for as much as a million years and now is more than two miles deep.

1. The main idea of the passage is that
    (A) the Earth is a cold planet
    (B) most of the Earth’s ice is found in Antarctica
    (C) it snows more in Antarctica than in any other place on Earth
    (D) Antarctica is only two miles wide but is 90 percent ice

2. The best title for the passage is
    (A) Snowfall in Antarctica
    (B) The Icy Earth
    (C) The Cold, Cold Snow
   (D) The Causes of Antarctica’s Ice

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3 - 4)

The extremely hot and humid weather that occurs in the United States in July and
August is commonly called the “dog days” of summer’ This name comes from the star
Sirius, which is known as the Dog Star. Sirius is the brightest visible star, and in the hot
summer months it rises in the east at approximately the same time as the Sun. As
ancient people saw this star rising with the Sun when the weather was at its hottest,
they believed that Sirius was the cause of the additional heat; they believed that this
bright star added its heat to the heat of the Sun, and these two together made summer
weather so unbearably hot.

3. The topic of this passage is
    (A) how dogs like to play during the summer
    (B) the causes of hot and humid weather
    (C) why the hot summer days are known as the “dog days”
    (D) the days that dogs prefer

4. The main idea of this passage is that
    (A) the name for the summer days came from Sirius, the Dog Star
    (B) dogs generally prefer hot summer days
    (C) the hottest days occur in the summer because of the movements of the Sun and stars
    (D) Sirius rises at almost the same time as the Sun during the summer months

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5 - 6)

The term “primitive art” has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and
styles of art. One way that this term has been used is to describe the early period within
the development of a certain style of art. Another way that this term has been used is to
describe artists who have received little professional training and who demonstrate a
nontraditional naivete in their work.

A wonderft.il example of this second type of primitive artist is Grandma Moses, who
spent all her life living on a farm and working at tasks normally associated with farm
life. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy-six, when she
switched to painting from embroidery because the arthritis in her hands made
embroidery too difficult. Totally without formal education in art, she began creating
panoramic images of everyday life on the farm that have achieved international fame.

5. The subject of this passage is
    (A) an example of one of the types of primitive art
    (B) Grandma Moses’s life on the farm
    (C) how primitive art differs from formal art
    (D) Grandma Moses’s primitive lifestyle

6. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
    (A) Grandma Moses spent her life on a farm.
    (B) Art critics cannot come to any agreement on a definition of primitive art.
   (C) Grandma Moses is one type of primitive artist because of her lack of formal training.
   (D) Many artists receive little professional training.

PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 7 - 8)

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a New York newspaper, the New York Sun, successfully carried out a hoax on the American public. Because of this trick, readership of the paper rose substantially.
On August 25, 1835, the Sun published reports that some wonderful new discoveries
had been made on the moon. The article described strange, never-before-seen animals
and temples covered in shining jewels. Many members of the American public were
fooled by the story, even some prominent members of the scientific community.
The effect of the false story on sales of the paper was dramatic. Paper sales
increased considerably as people eagerly searched out details of the new discoveries.
Later, the newspaper company announced that it had not been trying to trick the public;
instead, the company explained the moon stories as a type of literary satire.

7. Which of the following best states the topic of the passage?
    (A) A nineteenth-century discovery on the moon
    (B) The New York Sun
    (C) A hoax and its effect
    (D) The success of a newspaper

8. The main point of the passage is that
   (A) the New York Sun was one of the earliest American newspapers
   (B) the Sun increased sales when it tricked the public with a false story
  (C) a newspaper achieved success by writing about the moon
  (D) in 1835 some amazing new discoveries were made about the moon

Download TOEFL Exercise 1, download here.  

To Get Answer Keys, CLICK Here

To Get the book, click here.

TOEFL Structure and Written Expression Pre Test

PRE TEST is aimed at

1. Finding out someone's structure or grammar skill before studying the them.
2. Checking how far TOEFL Test Takers have mastered grammar.
3. Finding out someone's written skill before studying written skill
4. Checking how well TOEFL Test Takers have mastered written expression

PRE TEST consists of two parts:

1. Structure - 15 numbers (No 1 - 15)
2. Written expression - 25 Numbers (No 16 - 40)

Good Luck!!!

DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST

SECTION 2

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Time - 25 minutes

(including the reading of the directions)

Now set your clock for 25 minutes.

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

Structure

Directions: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following examples.

Example I

The president _________ the election by a landslide.

(A) won
(B) he won
(C) yesterday
(D) fortunately

The sentence should read, “The president won the election by a landslide.” Therefore, you should choose answer (A).

Example II

When _______ the conference?

(A) the doctor attended
(B) did the doctor attend
(C) the doctor will attend
(D) the doctor’s attendance

The sentence should read, “When did the doctor attend the conference?” Therefore, you should choose answer (B).

1. In the early 1 900s, Eastman _____ inexpensive Brownie box cameras.
(A) it developed
(B) it was developed
(C) developed
(D) developing

2. _____ the discovery of the fossilized remnants of tides in one-billion-year-old rocks.
(A) Geological reports
(B) Geologists report
(C) The reports of geologists
(D) Geologists’ reports

3. The Brooklyn Bridge _____ took thirteen years to complete.
(A) in New York
(B) is in New York
(C) it is in New York
(D) which New York

4. Genes control all of the physical _____ we inherit.
(A) that traits
(B) that are traits
(C) traits that
(D) traits are that

5. Indigo can be extracted from a plant, and then _____ to dye cloth blue.
(A) it
(B) using
(C) using it
(D) it can be used


Download Complete Material.

Answer Sheet, Click here.

To get the answer keys, click here.

Written Expression: Subject and Object Pronoun (Skill 21)

 Previous Skill: Countable and Uncountable Noun (Skill 21)

Pronouns are words such as he, she, or it that take the place of nouns. One common problem with pronouns on the TOEFL test is that subject and object pronouns are confused, so you should be able to recognize these two types of pronouns.

A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a verb. An object pronoun can be used as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Compare the following two sentences.

In the second sentence, the subject pronoun she is replacing the noun Marie. The object of the verb it is replacing the noun phrase the film, and the object of the preposition him is replacing the noun Barry.

The following are examples of the types of subject or object pronoun errors that you might see on the TOEFL test.

Me* and my friend are taking a trip.

Our neighbors are going with you and I*

1. In the first example, the object pronoun me is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the subject of the sentence. The object pronoun me should be changed to the subject pronoun I. It can be difficult to recognize that me is the subject because the verb are has a double subject, me and my friend.
2. In the second example, the subject pronoun I is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the object of the preposition with. The subject pronoun I should be changed to the object pronoun me. It can be difficult to recognize that I is the object of the preposition with because the preposition with has two objects: the correct object you and the incorrect object I.

EXERCISE 21: Each of the following sentences contains at least one subject or object pronoun. Circle the pronouns. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. You should do it for her. (C)

    Analysis:

• It is correct it functions as Object pronoun

2. They helped she with the work. (I)

    Analysis:

• She is Subject Pronoun.
• But, the sentence needs Object Pronoun "her". So, the correct sentence is They helped her with the work. 

3. Her and Bob came over to visit me. (I)

    Analysis:

• Her is Object pronoun.
• It should be Subject Pronoun " She". So, the correct sentence is She and Bob came over to visit me

4. I brought it for you and them.

    Analysis:

• Subject Pronoun "I" is correct.
• Object pronoun "You and Them" is correct too.

 5. He opened the refrigerator and took some food from it. (C)

    Analysis:

• Subject pronoun "He" is correct and Object pronoun "it" is correct, too.

 6. She lent it to you and I. (I)

    Analysis:

• Subject pronoun "She" is correct.
• Object pronoun "I" is incorrect. It should be "me" as object pronoun.
  

7. She spent all the money on them.(C)

    Analysis:

• Subject pronoun "She" is correct.
• Object Pronoun "Them" is correct, too

 8. You forgot to give it to they. (I)

      Analysis:

• Object pronoun "it" is correct.
• Subject pronoun "they" is incorrect. It should be Object pronoun "them". So the correct sentence is You forgot to give it to them.

 9. We offered she a place to stay. (I)

     Analysis:

• Subject pronoun "she" is incorrect. It should be object pronoun "her"

10. They watched us play with it. (C)

      Analysis:

• Object pronoun "us" and " it" is correct

To Get Answer Keys, CLICK Here

To Get the book, click here.

Next Skill 22: Possessive

The Reading Comprehension Questions

 Previous Article: Reading Comprehension

The Reading Comprehension section of the TOEFL test consists of five reading passages, each followed by a number of reading comprehension and vocabulary questions. Topics of the reading passages are varied, but they are often informational subjects that might be studied in an American university: American history, literature, art, architecture, geology, geography, and astronomy, for example.

Time is definitely a factor in the Reading Comprehension section. Many students who take the TOEFL test note that they are unable to finish all the questions in this section. Therefore, you need to make the most efficient use of your time in this section to get the highest score. The following method is the best way of attacking a reading passage to get the most questions correct in a limited amount of time.

STRATEGIES FOR THE READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the passage.

You do not need to understand every detail in a passage to answer the questions correctly. It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions.

2. Look ahead at the questions to determine what types of questions you must answer.

   Each type of question is answered in a different way.

3. Find the section of the passage that deals with each question.

    The question type tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers.

• For main idea questions, look at the first line of each paragraph.
• For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or a related idea) in order in the passage.
• For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage.
• For where questions, the answers are found anywhere in the passage.

4. Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully.

   The answer will probably be in the same sentence (or one sentence before or after) the key word or idea.

5. Choose the best answer to each question from the four answer choices listed in your test book.

You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section of the passage, eliminate definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet.

Next Article: Problem with Main Idea

Reading Comprehension

The third section of the TOEFL test is the Reading Comprehension section. This section consists of fifty questions (some tests may be longer). You have fifty-five minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section.

In this part of the test you will be given reading passages, and you will be asked two types of questions about the reading passages:

1. Reading Comprehension questions ask you to answer questions about the information given in the reading passages. There will be a variety of questions about each reading passage, including main idea questions, directly answered detail questions, and implied detail questions.
2. Vocabulary questions ask you to identify the meanings of vocabulary words in the reading passages. To answer these questions, you may have to know the meanings of the words. You can also identify the meanings of some of the words by understanding the context surrounding the words.

GENERAL STRATEGIES

1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the t should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
2. Do not spend too much time reading the passages! You do not have time to read each reading passage in depth, and it is quite possible to answer the questions correctly without first reading the passages in depth. Some students prefer to spend a minute or two on each passage reading for the main idea before starting on the questions. Other students prefer to move directly to the questions without reading the passages first.
3. Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic that you are unfamiliar with. All of the information that you need to answer the questions is included in the passages. You do not need any background knowledge to answer the questions.
4. Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are unsure of the correct response, you should answer the question. There is no penalty for guessing.

Reading Comprehension

The third section of the TOEFL test is the Reading Comprehension section. This section consists of fifty questions (some tests may be longer). You have fifty-five minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section.

In this part of the test you will be given reading passages, and you will be asked two types of questions about the reading passages:

1. Reading Comprehension questions ask you to answer questions about the information given in the reading passages. There will be a variety of questions about each reading passage, including main idea questions, directly answered detail questions, and implied detail questions.
2.  Vocabulary questions ask you to identify the meanings of vocabulary words in the reading passages. To answer these questions, you may have to know the meanings of the words. You can also identify the meanings of some of the words by understanding the context surrounding the words.

GENERAL STRATEGIES

1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the t should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
2. Do not spend too much time reading the passages! You do not have time to read each reading passage in depth, and it is quite possible to answer the questions correctly without first reading the passages in depth. Some students prefer to spend a minute or two on each passage reading for the main idea before starting on the questions. Other students prefer to move directly to the questions without reading the passages first.
3. Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic that you are unfamiliar with. All of the information that you need to answer the questions is included in the passages. You do not need any background knowledge to answer the questions.
4. Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are unsure of the correct response, you should answer the question. There is no penalty for guessing.

Next ---> The Reading Comprehension  Question

Agreement after expression of quantity (Skill 12)

Previous Skill --> Skill 11: Agreement After Prepositional Phrase

A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quantity such as all, most, or some followed by the preposition of. In this situation, the subject (all, most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of

Most (of the meal) was delicious.
             SINGULAR

Most (of the meals) were delicious.
               PLURAL

Most (of the food) was delicious.
       UNCOUNTABLE

In the first example, the subject most refers to the singular noun meal, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was. In the second example, the subject most refers to the plural noun meals, so the correct verb is the plural verb were. In the third example, the subject most refers to the uncountable noun food, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was.

These sentences contain examples of the types of problems that are common on the TOEFL test.

All (of the book) were* interesting.

Half (of the students) is* late to class.

In the first example, the plural verb were should be the singular verb was because the subject all refers to the singular noun book. In the second example, the singular verb is should be the plural verb are because the subject half refers to the plural noun students.

The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about subject/verb agreement after expressions of quantity.

EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences has a quantity expression as the subject. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the objects that the verbs agree with. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).



1. Half of the students in the class arrive early. (C)

   Analysis:

• Object is Students (plural) and Verb is arrive (plural Verb), so the sentence is correct

2. Some of the fruit are rotten. (I)

    Analysis:

• Fruit and are (Verb) are not match. It should be ".....fruit is ...

3. All of the next chapter contains very important information. (C)

    Analysis:

• The next chapter (singular noun) and contains (singular verb) are match. (correct)
  

4. Most of the people in the room is paying attention.(I)

    Analysis:

• The people (plural noun) and is (singular verb) are not match. It should be".....of the people ......are ..."

5. Part of the soup is left on the stove. (C)

    Analysis:

• The soup (uncountable noun) and is (singular verb) are match.

6. Some of the movie were just too violent for me.  (I)

    Analysis:

• The movie (singular noun) and were (plural verb) are not match. It should be "....the movie was ...."

7. All of the details in the report needs to be checked. (I)

    Analysis:

• The details (plural noun) are needs are not match. It should be "....the details ........need...."

8. Most of the money is needed to pay the bills. (C)

    Analysis:

• The money (uncountable noun) and is are match.

9. The first half of the class consists of lecture and note taking. (C)

    Analysis:

• The class (singular noun) and consists (singular verb) are match.

10. Some of the questions on-the test was impossible to answer. (I)

     Analysis:

• The questions (plural noun) and was (singular verb) are not match. It should be '....the questions ......were....."

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Structure and written expression

Structure and Written expression is the second section of the TOEFL Test.This section consists of forty questions (some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five minutes to complete the forty questions in this section.

There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test:

1. Structure (questions 1—15).

It consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way.

2. Written Expression (questions 16—40).

It consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

Next --> Read General Strategy of Structure and Written Expression

SKILL 1: Subjects and Verbs

Previous Article: Skills of Structure Questions

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test are related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject, or the verb, or both; perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example I

______was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells

Analysis:

In this example, you should notice immediately that there is a verb, was ringing, but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was ringing. Answer (A), loudly, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), bells, could be a subject, it is not correct because bells is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was ringing.

Example II

Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.

(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly


Analysis:

In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject, newspapers, but that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are delivered, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.

Example III

The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

Analysis:

This sentence has a subject, plane, and has part of a verb, landing; to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the verb complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject, plane, and does not need the extra subject it. Answer (C) is incorrect because descending is an extra part of a verb that is unnecessary because of landing. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with landing is a complete verb.

SUBJECTS AND VERBS

A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. The first thing you should do as you read a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test is to find the subject and the verb.

EXERCISE 1

Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect ( I ).

1. My best friend always helpful with problems. ( I )

    Analysis:
 
    The subject of the sentence above is My best friend, but there is no Verb. So, incorrect.
    The correct sentence should be My best friend is always helpful and with problems. 

2. The bus schedule has changed since last week. (C)

    Analysis:

    The subject is The bus and verb is has changed, so the sentence is Correct.

3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor. ( I )

    Analysis:

   The sentence doesn't have a Subject. The verb is dropped, so it is incorrect.
   The correct sentence should be Accidentally she or he dropped the glass on the floor.

4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes. (I)

    Analysis:

    The sentence doesn't have to be, is. So incorrect
    It should be The customer is paying the clerk for the clothes.

5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students. (C)

    Analysis:

    The sentence has subject, the professor and verb, handed. So it is correct

6. Each day practiced the piano for hours. (I)

    Analysis:

     The sentence doesn't have subject. The verb is practiced. So incorrect.
     It should be Each day they practiced the piano for hours.

7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop. (C)

    Analysis:

    The sentence has subject, The basket ball player and verb, tossed. So it is correct

8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly. (I)

    Analysis:

    The sentence has subject, The new student, but no verb. So incorrect.
    The correct sentence can be The new student in the class is very talkative and friendly.

9. Walking with the children to school.(I)

    Analysis:

    The sentence doesn't have a Subject. It has main verb, walking but without tobe. So incorrect.
    The correct sentence could be She/he is walking with the children to school


10. The whales headed south for the winter. (C)

      Analysis:

     The sentence has a subject, the whales and verb, headed. So, it correct


Next ---> Skill 2: Objects of Preposition

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Structure and Written Expression Post Test

TOEFL POST-TEST

SECTION 2

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Time—25 minutes

(including the reading of the directions)

Now set your clock for 25 minutes.

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

Structure

Directions: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Look at the following examples.

Example 1

The president_________ the election by a landslide.

(A) won
(B) he won
(C) yesterday
(D) fortunately

The sentence should read, “The president won the election by a landslide.” Therefore, you should choose answer (A).

Example II

When _____ the conference?

(A) the doctor attended

(B) did the doctor attend

(C) the doctor will attend

(D) the doctor’s attendance

The sentence should read, “When did the doctor attend the conference?” Therefore, you should choose answer (B).

Let's begin the TOEFL Post Test.

1. _____ lived on Earth for nearly 150 million years.
    (A) Dinosaurs
    (B) Dinosaurs who
    (C) If dinosaurs
     (D) Since dinosaurs

2. Early printers arranged type into _____ a small, flat composing stick.
    (A) words
    (B) are words on
    (C) words on
    (D) the words are on

3. ____ along most of its length into an upper chamber and a lower chamber.
     (A) The divided cochlea
     (B) Dividing the cochlea
     (C) The cochlea is divided
      (D) With a divided cochlea

4. Yeast is an organic catalyst _____ known to prehistoric humanity.
     (A) was
     (B) which was
      (C) which it
     (D) which

5. Many communities _____ a complex system of linguistic levels in order to show respect.
    (A) useful
    (B) use already made
    (C) making it useful
    (D) make use of

6. The ear is a flexible organ, _____ simply was not designed to withstand the noise of modern living.
    (A) but it
    (B) it
    (C) but
    (D) its

7. In 1934, chemist Wallace Carothers produced a plastic which _____ nylon.
    (A) his call
    (B) he called
    (C) to call him
    (D) calling

8. As _____ grows, the shell in which it lives grows, too.
    (A) a mollusk
    (B) a mollusk it
    (C) has a mollusk
    (D) it has a mollusk

9. The first _____ the Civil War was fired from Fort Johnson upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.

     (A) shot
     (B) shot in
     (C) shot was in
     (D) it was shot

10. Stalactites are formed in caves by groundwater ______ dissolved lime.
      (A) it contains
      (B) containing
      (C) contains
      (D) containment

11. By studying the movements of the Sun and Moon, even early astronomers could _____ eclipses would take place.

      (A) predicting when

      (B) when it predicts

      (C) the prediction when

      (D) predict when

12. Coffee probably originally grew wild in Ethiopia in the province of Kaffe, and from there _____ to southern  Arabia.

       (A) bringing it

       (B) it was brought

       (C) brought it

       (D) brought with it

13. Alabama was occupied by the French and Spanish before _____ to England in 1763.

      (A) was ceded

      (B) ceded to it

      (C) it was ceded

      (D) ceded it

14. A group of winged reptiles pterosaurs is believed to have been the first vertebrates with the power of flight.

     (A) call

     (B) calls

     (C) called

     (D) is called

15. On November 23, 1863, Grant stunned the Confederates on Missionary Ridge with what _____ to be a full-dress military parade of troops who unexpectedly opened fire.

     (A) appeared

     (B) appearing

     (C) appearance

     (D) apparent

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Problem with stated detail questions (Skill 2)

Previous Problem: Problem with main idea 

A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the passage as a whole. The answers to these questions are generally given in order in the passage, and the correct answer is often a restatement of what is given in the passage. This means that the correct answer often expresses the same idea as what is written in the passage, but the words are not exactly the same.

Example

The passage:

Flutes have been around for quite some time, in all sorts of shapes and sizes and made from a variety of
materials. The oldest known flutes are about 20,000 years old; they were made from hollowed-out bones with holes cut in them In addition to bone, older flutes were often constructed from bamboo or hollowed-out wood. Today’s flutes are generally made of metal, and in addition to the holes they have a complicated system of keys, levers, and pads. The instrument belonging to well known flautist James Galway is not just made of any metal; it is made of gold

The questions:

1. According to the passage, the oldest flutes
(A) had holes cut in them
(B) were made of metal
(C) were made 200,000 years ago
(D) had a complicated set of levers and pads

2. The passage indicates that James Gaiway’s flute is made of
(A) bones
(B) bamboo
(C) wood
(D) gold

Analysis:

The answers to the questions are generally found in order in the passage, so you should look for the answer to the first question near the beginning of the passage. Since the first question asks about the oldest flutes, you should see that this question is answered in the second sentence. The passage states that the oldest flutes were bones with holes cut in them, so the best answer is answer (A). Answers (B) and (D) are true about today’s flutes, but not the oldest flutes, so they are incorrect. Answer (C) is an incorrect number; the oldest flutes are 20,000 years old, not 200,000 years old.

The answer to the second question will probably be located in the passage after the answer to the first question. Since the second question is about James Galway’s flute, you should skim through the passage to find the part of the passage that discusses this topic. The answer to this question is found in the statement that the instrument belonging to well-known flautist James Galway is not just made of any metal; it is made of gold. The best answer to this question is therefore answer (D).

The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about stated detail questions.

TOEFL EXERCISE 2:

Study each of the passages, and choose the best answers to the questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1 - 2)

Many parts of the Southwestern United States would become deserts again without

the waters of the Colorado River. A system of thousands of miles of canals, hundreds of miles of tunnels and aqueducts, and numerous dams and n bring Colorado

River water to the area. The Imperial Valley in Southern California is an example of

such a place; it is a vast and productive agricultural area that was once a desert. Today,

2,000 miles of canals irrigate the fertile land and keep it productive.

1. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way that Colorado River water gets to the Southwest?

(A) By truck

(B) In bottles

(C) In wells

(D) Through canals

2. According to the passage, the Imperial Valley

(A) is a desert today

(B) is located in Colorado

(C) produces a lot of agricultural goods

(D) does not require irrigation

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3 - 5)

The ancestors of humans had a lot more hair than the humans of today; in fact, they
had thick hair all over their bodies. This thick hair was necessary for protection against
the cold of the Ice Ages.
As the Earth got warmer, the hair began to thin out, except for on the head. The
head hair has remained through the evolutionary process, both as a sort of pillow to
cushion the sensitive head when it gets banged around and as a sort of hat to keep the
head warm and prevent so much heat from escaping through the scalp.

3. Which of the following is true about the hair of the ancestors of humans?
    (A) There was not much of it.
    (B) It covered their entire bodies.
    (C) It was thin,
    (D) It was not useful.

4. According to the passage, what happened as the temperature on the Earth increased?
    (A) The hair on the head began to thin out.
    (B) The hair on the body remained the same.
    (C) The hair on the body got thicker.
    (D) The hair on the body began to thin out.

5. The author indicates that one of the purposes of hair on the head is to
    (A) fill up pillows
    (B) help heat escape through the scalp
    (C) ensure that the head is warm
    (D) make it easier to think

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 6-10)

The plane with the largest wingspan ever built was nicknamed the Spruce Goose.
The wingspan of the Spruce Goose was 320 feet (almost 100 meters), and the plane
weighed 200 tons. It was so big that it needed eight engines to power it.
The plane was designed by Howard Hughes in response to a U.S. government
request for a plane that was able to carry a large cargo for the war effort. It was made of
wood because wood is a less critical material in wartime than metal.
The plane was so difficult to build that it never really got used. It was flown one
time only, by 1-lughes himself, on November 2, 1947; during that flight it traveled a
distance of less than one mile over the Los Angeles Harbor, but it did fly. Today, the
Spruce Goose is on exhibit for the public to see in Long Beach, California.

6. Which of the following is true about the Spruce Goose?
    (A) Each of its wings measures 100 meters.
    (B) It weighs 200 pounds.
    (C) It has eight wings to help it to fly.
    (D) It has a wingspan larger than the wingspan of any other plane.

7. The passage indicates that the plane was designed
    (A) as a cargo plane
    (B) as a racing plane
    (C) to carry wood
    (D) for exhibition

8. According to the passage, the Spruce Goose is constructed from
    (A) wood
    (B) lightweight metal
    (C) plastic
     (D) steel

9. According to the passage, when the Spruce Goose flew,
    (A) it went only a short distance
    (B) it fell into the Los Angeles Harbor
    (C) it flew 100 miles
    (D) it carried a large cargo

10. The passage indicates that the Spruce Goose today
     (A) flies regularly for the U.S. government
     (B) is in the Los Angeles Harbor
     (C) is in storage
      (D) can be seen by the public

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1 - 2): Study each of the passages, and choose the best answers to the questions that follow.

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-3)

The center part of a hurricane is called the eye of the storm. In the eye of
a hurricane, winds are calm and no rain falls. There can even be blue sky and sunshine in
the eye of the storm.
This dry and calm spot is caused as the air spins around the center of the hurricane.
The spinning air rises and pulls moisture with it. What remains in the center is dry,
clear air.

1. The topic of the passage is
    (A) the destruction of hurricanes
    (B) the harsh weather during a hurricane
   (C) the calm in the center of a hurricane
   (D) the beautiful weather that follows a hurricane

2. The passage indicates that in the eye of a hurricane
    (A) it is windy
    (B) there is a lot of rain
    (C) there is cloudy, gray sky
    (D) it can be sunny

3. According to the passage, what causes the calm spot?
    (A) The air circling around the center
    (B) The blue sky and sunshine
    (C) The high temperatures
    (D) The heavy rainfall

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 4-8)

The invention of the phonograph happened quite by accident. Thomas Edison
moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876, where he established an industrial research
laboratory There, Edison was working on a carbon telephone transmitter to improve
the existing Bell telephone system.
In that laboratory a year later, Edison invented the phonograph while he was trying
to improve a telegraph repeater. He attached a telephone diaphragm to the needle in the
telegraph repeater; in this way, he was able to reproduce a recording that could be
played back. After he made some improvements to the machine, he tested it. He recited
“Mary Had a Little Lamb” into the machine and played his voice back to a very
surprised audience.

4. What is the best title for the passage?
     (A) Thomas Edison’s Many Inventions
    (B) Improvements in the Telephone and Telegraph
    (C) The History of Menlo Park
    (D) An Accidental Invention

5. According to the passage, the invention of the phonograph
    (A) was quite unplanned
    (B) was Edison’s principal project
    (C) was surprising to no one
    (D) took many years

6. In what year did the invention of the phonograph occur?
    (A) 1876
    (B) 1877
    (C) 1878
    (D) The article does not say.

7. According to the passage, how was the phonograph made?
   (A) With a telephone needle and a recorder
   (B) From a recording of a telegraph
   (C) With only a telegraph repeater
    (D) From a combination of telephone and telegraph parts

8. According to the passage, how did Edison test his new invention?
    (A) He made improvements to the machine.
    (B) He used a carbon transmitter.
    (C) He read a children’s rhyme.
    (D) He reproduced the audience’s voice.

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 9 - 14)

The Sears and Roebuck catalogue was a fixture in American society for many
decades. Practically anything needed in the American home could be ordered through
this comprehensive catalogue and delivered by mail. The catalogue made it easier for
homeowners in urban areas to track down items they were trying to find; the catalogue
was an absolute necessity for residents in out-of-the-way areas where many types of
home supplies were not available for hundreds of miles.

In the early twentieth century, it was not possible to buy just home supplies from
the Sears and Roebuck catalogue. It was actually possible to buy a mail-order house. If you
ordered a house through the mail, you would receive all the necessary building
materials as well as plans for constructing the house; all of this could be had for prices
starting around $600.

9. This passage mainly discusses
    (A) products sold in the Sears and Roebuck stores
    (B) the design of the Sears and Roebuck catalogue
    (C) how to shop using catalogues
    (D) shopping through the Sears and Roebuck catalogue in the past

10. The passage indicates that items ordered through the Sears and Roebuck catalogue
      (A) had to be picked up at a Sears and Roebuck store
      (B) were delivered by mail
      (C) arrived in Sears and Roebuck trucks
      (D) had to be small

11. According to the passage, why was the Sears and Roebuck catalogue important to people in remote areas?
     (A) It contained the only products they could afford.
     (B) They did not like the products in local stores.
     (C) It had a lot of products they could not get in their local areas.
     (D) It was the only way to get a new home.

12. The passage mentions that which of the following large items could be purchased through the Sears and Roebuck catalogue?

      (A) A home
      (B) A car
     (C) A boat
     (D) A train

13. The mail-order house in the Sears and Roebuck catalogue
      (A) was for urban areas only
      (B) was set up by Sears and Roebuck workers
      (C) needed to be put together
      (D) arrived in one piece

14. The price of $600 mentioned in the passage was
      (A) the lowest price for the item
      (B) the average price for the item
      (C) the only price for the item
      (D) the highest price for the item

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Parallel Structure with Coordinate Connector (Skill 14)

Previous problem/Skill: Problem/skill with  Agreement after certain words (skill 13).

The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) is to join together equal expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these words must be parallel to what is on the other side. These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or clauses; they just must join together the same structures. Here are examples of equal structures correctly joined by coordinate conjunctions:

He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor

The professor was knowledgeable but boring

She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.

There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening

You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do it

In the first example, two nouns are joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the second example, two adjectives are joined by the coordinate conjunction but. In the third example, three verbs are joined by the coordinate conjunction or. In the fourth example, three phrases are joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the last example; two clauses are joined by the coordinate conjunction or.

The sentences that follow show the types of errors in parallel structure that are common on the TOEFL test.

The evening dress was beauty* but expensive.

The student reads each chapter, takes a lot of notes, and memories* the material.

In the first example, the coordinate conjunction but joins the noun beauty and the adjective expensive. The adjective beautiful is needed in place of beauty. In the second example, the coordinate conjunction and joins the verb reads, the verb takes, and the plural noun memories. The verb memorizes is needed in place of memories.

The following chart outlines the use of parallel structures with coordinate con junctions.

EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously. (I)

     Analysis:

• before BUT  and after BUT must have the same structure. EXPENSIVE is adjective, but deliciously is adverb. So, it is incorrect.
• It should be ....very expensive but quite delicious.

2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar. (C)

     Analysis:

• in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar are all in same structure (adverb). So, it is correct.

3. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps. (I).

    Analysis:

• expensive (adjective) painting and elegance (noun) lamps have different structure. So, it is incorrect.
• It should be ....expensive painting and elegant lamps.

4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.

    Analysis:

• ......that the situation was not going to improve and that he needs to get a  job have the same structure. Both sentences are clauses. So, it is correct

5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow. (I)

   Analysis:

• ...skiing, sledding, or played....(incorrect). It should be ..skiing, sledding, or playing.

6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine. (C)

    Analysis:

• ...new tires (phrase) but not a new engine (phrase). So, it is correct

7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished. (C)

    Analysis:

• ...when he gets too tired to continue (clause) or when he has finished (clause). So, it is correct

8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the hall. (I)

    Analysis:

• ...go (verb) through this door, turn (verb) to the left, and continuation (noun) down the hall. So it is incorrect.
• It should be ".....go......, turn, and continue,,,,,,,"

9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.(C)

    Analysis:

• ....lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake and butter cookies are all phrases. So, it is correct.

10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest. (I)

      Analysis:

• some medicine, some juice and to rest. (incorrect)
• It should be "..some medicine. some juice and some rest"

Next Problem/Skill: Problem/Skill with  parallel structure with paired conjunction

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Written Expression: Possessive (Skill 22)

Previous Skill: Subject and Object Pronoun (Skill 21)


Possessive adjectives and pronouns both show who or what “owns” a noun. However, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns do not have the same function, and these two kinds of possessives can be confused on the TOEFL test. A possessive adjective describes a noun: it must be accompanied by a noun. A possessive pronoun takes the place of a noun: it cannot be accompanied by a noun.

Notice that in the first example the possessive adjective her is accompanied by the noun television. In the second example, the possessive pronoun hers is not accompanied by a noun.

The following chart outlines the possessives and their uses.

These examples show the types of errors that are possible with possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns on the TOEFL test.

The students turned in theirs* papers.

I would like to borrow your*.

• In the first example, the possessive pronoun theirs is incorrect because it is accompanied by the noun papers, and a possessive pronoun cannot be accompanied by a noun. The possessive adjective their is needed in the first example. 
• In the second example, the possessive adjective your is incorrect because it is not accompanied by a noun, and a possessive adjective must be accompanied by a noun. The possessive pronoun yours is needed in the second example.

EXERCISE 22: Each of the following sentences contains at least one possessive pronoun or adjective. Circle the possessives in these sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. She cut hers hair recently. (I)

    Analysis:

• Hers should be her.

2. We will take our car or theirs. (C)

3. Please lend me yours notes from the history lecture. (I)

    Analysis:

• Yours should be your

 4. I like his ideas and hers. (C)

5. The tree fell on its side during the storm. (C)

6. My desk is located near hers. (C)

7. Theirs suggestion was unrealistic. (I)

    Analysis:

• Theirs should be their

8. Our appointment is just after your. (I)

    Analysis:

• your should be yours

9. Your friends and my friends are coming to our party. (C)

10. You don’t have yours gloves with you, but I have mine. (I)

     Analysis:

• yours should be your

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Next Skill 23: Pronoun Reference